河流型饮用水水源保护区划分技术方法研究--以淮河淮南段某水厂为例

划定饮用水水源地保护区是保护环境、确保供水质量的有效手段。通过对国内外饮用水水源保护区划分方法的研究进程分析,以HJ/T 338—2007《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》为依据,通过实例研究河流型水源保护区划分技术方法。     

断裂带中汞的地球化学特征

汞是揭示构造活动及强震孕育机制的重要化学示踪元素.研究断裂带中汞及其同位素,可以示踪地震断裂带汞异常来源、汞的迁移路径,从而揭示流体在地震孕育中的作用.本文总结了汞的观测技术,断裂带岩石、土壤和地下水中汞的特征,概述了汞同位素技术在深部断裂带研究中的进展,以及汞在地震监测和活断层探测方面的应用.断裂带中汞的研究,将有助于厘清汞-深部流体-构造活动-地震的可能关系及其机制,对提升汞在地震监测预测中的研究水平具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

Geographic range size and extinction risk assessment in nomadic species

Geographic range size is often conceptualized as a fixed attribute of a species and treated as such for the purposes of quantification of extinction risk; species occupying smaller geographic ranges are assumed to have a higher risk of extinction, all else being equal. However many species are mobile, and their movements range from relatively predictable to‐and‐fro migrations to complex irregular movements shown by nomadic species. These movements can lead to substantial temporary expansion and contraction of geographic ranges, potentially to levels which may pose an extinction risk. By linking occurrence data with environmental conditions at the time of observations of nomadic species, we modeled the dynamic distributions of 43 arid‐zone nomadic bird species across the Australian continent for each month over 11 years and calculated minimum range size and extent of fluctuation in geographic range size from these models. There was enormous variability in predicted spatial distribution over time; 10 species varied in estimated geographic range size by more than an order of magnitude, and 2 species varied by >2 orders of magnitude. During times of poor environmental conditions, several species not currently classified as globally threatened contracted their ranges to very small areas, despite their normally large geographic range size. This finding raises questions about the adequacy of conventional assessments of extinction risk based on static geographic range size (e.g., IUCN Red Listing). Climate change is predicted to affect the pattern of resource fluctuations across much of the southern hemisphere, where nomadism is the dominant form of animal movement, so it is critical we begin to understand the consequences of this for accurate threat assessment of nomadic species. Our approach provides a tool for discovering spatial dynamics in highly mobile species and can be used to unlock valuable information for improved extinction risk assessment and conservation planning.     

Quantitative analysis of riparian herbaceous community in Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries北大核心CSCD

Research on community characteristics of riparian herbs is an important scientific basis of riparian vegetation rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the species diversity and quantitative characteristics of riparian herbs in Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries. Herbaceous communities were investigated by sample line method. Group average clustering analysis and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were used to find the major environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern of riparian herbaceous communities. The result showed altogether 154 herbaceous species, belonging to 40 families and 96 genera. The riparian herbaceous species diversity was found to be correlated to river slope, sinuosity and stream order, being lower in rivers of mountain area than in rivers of plain area, and higher in tributaries than in Liaohe River Conservation Area. Clustering analysis classified the herbaceous communities into 23 types, being dominated by hygrophytes including communities of Echinochloa crusgalli, Oenanthe javanica, Polygonum hydropiper, Murdannia keisak, Artemisia selengensis, Scirpus triqueter, Heleocharis soloniensis, Pycreus sanguinolentus, Cyperus fuscus, Phragmites australis, Polygonum amphibium, Carex diandra + Artemisia selengensis and Carex diandra + Rorippa islandica. Correlation analysis between DCA ordination axes and environmental factors showed that the altitude, river slope, sinuosity and stream level were the major environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern of herbaceous communities in the riparian zone of Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries. The results of CCA showed that the contribution ratio of stream level was the highest, followed by altitude and slope, with sinuosity the last. The results suggested that riparian herbaceous characteristics are affected by the comprehensive force of altitude, river slope, sinuosity and stream order, and that Calamagrostis epigeios, Triarrhena sacchariflora and Phragmites australis are suitable species for riparian vegetation rehabilitation.     

贵州石漠化空间分布与喀斯特地貌、岩性、降水和人口密度的关系

本次研究从地貌发育的角度揭示了贵州省石漠化景观及其等级的空间分布与下垫面的物质组成和气候(降雨量)的空间变化存在着密切的联系,而与现今人类活动强度(人口密度)的空间分布不存在关联性。具体体现为:(1)贵州溶蚀为主地貌类型区和纯碳酸盐岩分布区基本一致,区内的峰丛(林)地貌主要分布于年降水量≥1200mm的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌类型区,随着降水量由北向南逐渐增加,塔状峰丘增多;溶丘,峰丛(林)不发育地貌主要分布于年降水量≤1100mm的威宁-毕节以北的黔西北溶蚀为主地貌类型区和毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以北的溶蚀侵蚀地貌类型区,(2)贵州石漠化程度与喀斯特地貌类型空间分布的耦合关系较好,与人口密度空间分布的耦合关系不好。峰丛(林)地貌发育的威宁-毕节-贵阳-凯里一线以南的溶蚀为主地貌区,黔中地区人口密度为300～400/km2,该区一些县的石漠化,远不如黔西南地区人口密度为200～300/km2或黔南地区人口密度为100～200/km2的严重。历史时期森林植被的全面破坏是贵州喀斯特地区石漠化的主要驱动力,除荔波茂兰喀斯特森林保护区等少数地区,贵州喀斯特地区的原始森林无论是现在人口密度高的地区,还是低的地区,历史时期均已遭受全面的破坏。喀斯特坡地次生植被的恢复状况在很大程度上取决于坡地的岩土组成,现代石漠化严重程度的区域差异,主要受下垫面地面物质组成的控制,也就是"石山"的多寡。     

三峡库区消落带生态环境问题探讨

三峡工程的竣工,在库区两岸形成了垂直高差达30m的涨落地带,称之为消落带,对水库的实际运行影响深远。通过对这片区域特点和现状的研究,总结了当前三峡库区消落带出现的各种环境问题,如生态破坏、环境污染、景观影响、疾病问题、地质灾害等。针对各类环境问题的出现,提出了生态恢复、污染预防与治理、合理规划管理、出台相应政策等解决方法和控制措施,以期实现库区消落带的保护和充分利用,为库区社会、经济、环境的可持续发展提供参考。     

三峡库区消落带土壤汞形态分布与风险评价

为了解三峡库区消落带土壤中汞污染现状和环境风险,选择重庆14个区县的消落带,采集了192个土壤样品,分析其土壤总汞和汞形态分布,探讨其生物可利用性,对比研究和评估土壤总汞与汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞含量差异较大,土壤汞含量为22.4~393.5μg·kg-1,平均值为(84.2±54.3)μg·kg-1,76.6%的采样点土壤汞含量超过了三峡库区土壤汞背景值.土壤中的汞以残留态为主,不同汞形态所占比例为:水溶态汞4.1%、酸溶态15.5%、碱溶态汞18.3%、过氧化氢溶态汞10.9%、残留态汞51.3%.各区县土壤中生物可利用性汞(水溶态汞、酸溶态汞与碱溶态汞之和)平均含量为19.7~36.6μg·kg-1,生物可利用态汞占总汞的比例达到22.1%~51.6%.地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价结果均表明,三峡库区消落带土壤中汞赋存形态的污染水平和生态风险都较低,由生物可利用态汞带来的生态风险也很小;而对土壤总汞含量评价的结果明显偏大.因此,采用汞赋存形态进行污染现状和生态危害评价更能反映消落带土壤汞的环境风险.     

中亚热带马尾松林凋落物分解过程中的微生物与酶活性动态

采用凋落物原位分解法,研究了中亚热带马尾松林中马尾松、槲栎凋落叶单独及混合(自然质量比8∶2)分解过程中的微生物数量与酶活性动态.结果表明:①3类凋落物的年分解常数K的大小为:混合凋落物(0.94)>槲栎凋落物(0.86)>马尾松凋落物(0.67);②3类凋落物真菌数量和微生物数量均在夏季(135 d时)达到最大值,而此时细菌和放线菌数量最低;③3类凋落物纤维素酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性均与凋落物干重剩余率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而马尾松与混合型凋落物中的多酚氧化酶活性同凋落物干重剩余率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);④微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性均总体表现为槲栎凋落物>混合凋落物>马尾松凋落物,酸性磷酸酶活性多表现为槲栎凋落物最低,与分解常数K排列有一定的差异,说明凋落物分解是微生物和多种酶共同作用的结果.整体研究表明,凋落物质量和季节气候的差异显著影响微生物群落及其调控的生态过程,与纯马尾松凋落叶相比,针阔混合使微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高,这可能是导致分解加快的重要原因.     

三峡水库消落区土壤、植物汞释放及其在斑马鱼体的富集特征

利用室内模拟试验,探讨了三峡水库消落区淹没后土壤、植物汞释放特征及其在斑马鱼体的富集水平.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,淹没土壤中总汞(THg)含量下降;水体THg浓度总体明显升高.淹没土壤及水体中甲基汞(MMHg)含量总体明显上升,其中稗草+土壤处理水体中增加尤为明显,淹水21 d后,其浓度是土壤处理的2.52倍.表明消落区土壤、植物是水库水体汞的一个重要来源.供试稗草淹水分解造成水体pH及溶解氧(DO)含量下降、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量上升,对土壤MMHg含量无明显影响,对水体MMHg影响较大.供试斑马鱼头部、内脏及肌肉中THg含量总体明显上升,与水体中THg浓度具有显著相关性(P<0.01).鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉中均出现不同程度的MMHg富集现象,以头部与肌肉最为明显.淹水21 d后,添加土壤处理的鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉MMHg增加的含量分别是对照的1.75~6.25、3.53~8.38、2.22~3.36倍;稗草+土壤处理的分别是土壤处理的3.57、2.37、1.52倍.可见,淹没土壤是鱼体MMHg增加的重要来源,淹没植物改变原水环境条件影响其向水体释汞过程能提高鱼体中MMHg含量.     

合肥城郊典型源头溪流不同渠道形态的氮磷滞留特征

为揭示源头溪流中深潭和曲折沟渠两种典型渠道形态的氮磷养分滞留特征,在合肥城郊二十埠河的某一级支流上,以NH4Cl和KH2PO4为添加营养盐,以NaCl为保守型示踪剂,开展现场示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型软件、暂态存储参数和养分螺旋原理,解析深潭和曲折沟渠氮磷滞留特征.结果表明:1深潭的As值较曲折沟渠大,但其α值则较弯曲沟渠小1个数量级,而且As和α值随水文条件变化均不显著;2深潭中主渠道流动水体的NH+4-λ较其暂态存储区的NH+4-λs高2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠的NH+4-λ与NH+4-λs数值较为接近;3深潭中NH+4-Vf较SRP-Vf高1~2个数量级,而在曲折沟渠中,不仅NH+4-Vf与SRP-Vf数值较为相近,NH+4-Sw与SRP-Sw也基本相当;4深潭的NH+4-U较SRP-U高出2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠NH+4-U则较SRP-U高出1~2个数量级;5总的来说,在对NH+4和SRP滞留影响方面,深潭和曲折沟渠存在较大的差异性,且在深潭中NH+4的滞留效应显著超过SRP.